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Zonal Classification Of Soils

by The Editors
April 15, 2022
in Explore
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Zonal classification of soils
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Soil NameDistributionCharacteristics [Reason]
Tundra Soils (1)Polar Margins in Tundra region. [Soil Texture ® Sandy clay, along with humus & Peat].Little Profile differentiation. [Soil moisture remain Frozen for a greater part of year.]
Chemical and organic changes are slow [ Low Temperature condition]
Soil reaction is acidic [Slow Decomposition of organic matter ]
Soil Structure – Angular blocky.
Fertility Status – Low [Inherent Climatic and Parental Limitation.]  
Pod Soils (2)North America & Eurasia. [ Humid mid- latitude haring forest vegetation & temperate region having moderate to low rainfall in coniferous vegetation].Well developed A&B horizon of soil [ Elutriation and Illuviation ].
Pronounced Leaching. [ Snowmelt due to water release, high acidity].
Soil Reaction is acidic [ Slow Decomposition of organic matter].
Fertility Status – Low.
Productivity – Low [May be ­ by addition of lime & fertilizers. ]  
Grey brown Podzolic Soil (3)Mid Latitude ® Korea , Manchuria, Japan, W. Europe,  NE United States. [Deciduous western margin of the continents].Less leached [ Compared to pod sols]
Less Acidity [ Compared to Pod sols]
More humus  content [Compared to pod sols].
Dark brown B horizon [ Contains Minerals & organic colloids.]
Fertility  – Average.
Productivity – High [ Lime & Fertilizer responsive.]
Bacterial action – relatively rapid, faster organic matter decomposition.  
Prairie Earths (4)‘Parkland’ areas of temp. grassland.  ‘Moister Margin of Chernozem Soils’ [Mid latitude , Temperate humid climate.]There is no clear differentiation about soli profile.
Calcium layer absent. [ High rainfall & leaching (Moderate)] Leaching is moderate.
Structure – Granular & Nutty Neutral, Fertility & Productivity is very high.
High humus content.  
Red & Yellow Forest Soil (5)S.E USA, S.E china, S. Japan, S.E Brazil [ High temp & abundant rainfall.]Distinct Horizon Development, A1 Reddish/ Yellow, A2 – Light colored, B Horizon [ Dark color ]
Pronounced Leaching [ High rainfall]
Little humus [warmer region enhances pronounced bacterial activity]
Productivity – Fertilizer responsive crop yield high.
Pathogenic  Process – podzolization and laterization.  
Red Tropic Soil (6)Asia, Africa, Australia and central and South America. [ Hot wet equatorial regions ]Deeply weathered but lock in distinct horizon
Highly Leached
Less humus content [Moist condition enhances bacterial activity ]
Low fertility
Productive if used scientifically
Permanent residual of Fe, A1, Mn & in the top layer.  
Laterite  Soil (7)Brazil, W. Indies , Tropical Africa, south India. [ Alternate wet and dry & hot humid climatic conditions ]Red tropical Soil type
Leached of alkalis and silica
Accumulation of Sesquioxides in top layer
Soil reaction is acidic
Poor base saturation
Fertility  – Poor  
Chernozem ( Black Earth Soil). (8)Ukraine, Canadian prairies, Dakota to Texas in the South USA, Murray darling Basin of Australia. [ Temp. grassland, low& light precipitation ]A horizon – Thick & black [ Accumulation of humus derived from decomposed roots & grass]
B horizon – Brownish / yellowish, c-horizon – Ca & Salt accumulation in summer.
Texture- clayey .
Soil reaction is basic.
Most Fertile Soils.  
Chestnut – Brown soils (9)Arid margin of chernozem belt.Less humus content compare to chernozem.
Formation of CaCo3 in B Horizon.
Lighter color than chernozem.
Prismatic  and cloddy structure.
Less fertile than Black- earth soil.
Productive if hood, if proper irrigation is available.  
Sierozem (10)Mid- latitude continental deserts of Nevada and GobiThis soils having poor Horizonization.
Low humus content & near absence of humus Excessive CaCo3 content.
Productive if irrigated.  
Red Desert Soils (11)Great Desert of Australia and Africa.Poor horizon development.
Min. humus content.
Coarse Soil Texture.
Productive if abundant irrigation is available & Salt removed.  
 (B) Intra zonal Solis 
Hydromorphic Soils (12)Areas of impaired drainage within zonal soil belt.Deep layer of Peat and undecomposed organic matter became of diminished bacterial action.
Gleization in sub – surface became of reduction of Fe.
Three types – (1) Boy & peat soil, (2) Meadow,  (3) Plano sol.  
Halomorphic Soils (13)Occurs in interior basins in arid and semi and regions.High soil content and degraded alkali. Light color.  
Catamorphic sols (14)Rendzina and terra rossa soil & has high calcium content.Three types in Russia – Solonetz, Solonchak & Sloth.  
 (C) Azonal Soils 
Litho sols (15)Found on Mountain SlopesStony & thin Coarse TextureLittle organic MatterNo agriculture value.  
Regosols  (16)Found on glaciersRich fertile & friable Structure.    
Alluvial Soils (17)Ex-situ SoilPoor horizon developmentYoung soil, it is level beddedHigh fertile because mineral                matter is mixed thoroughly mixed.  
Tags: AZONAL SOILSPOD SOILSSOILSTUNDRA SOILSZONAL CLASSIFICTION
The Editors

The Editors

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